When trading options, you are trading premium value. If you buy an option, you want to sell it in the future for a higher premium, and if you sell an option, you want to buy it back for less.
Buying an option
In the example below, the option holder has paid 200.25 USD to buy an option and now it is worth 471.37 USD, hence the profit is 271.12 USD.
Selling an option
In the example below, the option writer (seller) received 450.95 USD when he sold an option and now it is worth 149.56 USD, therefore he can buy it back for less and his profit is 301.39 USD.
Premium value is comprised of two parts: Intrinsic value and time value. These values change as the underlying market changes.
Premium = Intrinsic Value + Time Value.
Intrinsic Value
This is the portion of the premium that depends on the difference between the strike and the market rate. When the option is in-the-money (when the strike rate is better than the market rate) the option has intrinsic value. But if the option is out-of-the-money or at-the-money (when the strike is worse than or equal to market), the intrinsic value is zero. When intrinsic value is zero, it does not mean the premium is zero as it may still have time value!
Example
Let’s say you buy a EUR/USD Call with a strike of 1.1200 and an amount of 100,000 EUR, as per the option trade details in this image:
If the underlying market is trading at 1.1300, your strike rate (to buy) is 100 pips better than the market, hence your trade is in-the-money (ITM). We calculated this by subtracting the market rate (1.1300) from the strike rate (1.1300) giving us 0.0100 or 100 pips. In fact, on expiry the spot is trading above 1.1200 (the Call with the strike 1.1200), the Call option has intrinsic value.
Intrinsic value = Amount x Difference between market rate and strike rate
= 100,000 x (1.1300 – 1.1200)
= 100,000 x 0.0100
= $1,000.
Therefore, the Call option’s premium = $1000 + Time Value.
Time value
Time value, also known as extrinsic value, is the portion of the premium left after deducting the intrinsic value and is determined by external factors: Time Value = Premium – Intrinsic Value.
Premium can increase or decrease depending on time value and the two main external factors are time until expiry and implied volatility.
Options with a longer expiry are more expensive since you are buying more time for the market to move in your favour. The opposite is also true, options with a closer expiry cost less. When holding an option, the expiry date moves closer for each day passing. The time value portion of the premium declines reflecting this. The process of time value declining each day is known as time decay. Values at expiry have no time value, hence they are intrinsic value only.
Net Present Value (NPV)
Net Present Value (NPV) figures are an indication of what your option trade’s ‘premium now’ would be if the market moved. The indication is based on the current market environment. NPV is useful to forecast the trade’s pay-out.
If you are long (by buying) an option, then the NPV value will be positive and this is the amount you will receive when you sell your option back. The example below is a snap-shot of the optionsReasy sensitivity table for a long Call option. The NPV column indicates how the option’s value increases as the underlying market rises.
If you are short (by selling) an option, then the NPV value will be negative and this is the amount you will pay to buy back the option. The example below is a snap-shot of the optionsReasy sensitivity table for a short Call position. The NPV column indicates that the cost to the seller increases as the underlying market rises.
Volatility
The marketplace’s consensus on future volatility affects an option’s premium (time value portion). This is known as implied volatility (IV). If the market is expecting more volatility, you will pay more for the option. If there is increasing volatility, it is more likely the market will move in your favour.
Tips:
- If the implied volatility increases after an option trade has been purchased, this is good for the buyer and bad for a seller. Buyers like increasing volatility!
- At any time, your option’s premium will be at least the intrinsic value. At expiry, time value = 0 and the premium = intrinsic value.
The content provided is made available to you by ORE Tech Ltd for educational purposes only, and does not constitute any recommendation and/or proposal regarding the performance and/or avoidance of any transaction (whether financial or not), and does not provide or intend to provide any basis of assumption and/or reliance to any such transaction.
Editors’ Picks
EUR/USD hits two-day highs near 1.1820
EUR/USD picks up pace and reaches two-day tops around 1.1820 at the end of the week. The pair’s move higher comes on the back of renewed weakness in the US Dollar amid growing talk that the Fed could deliver an interest rate cut as early as March. On the docket, the flash US Consumer Sentiment improves to 57.3 in February.
GBP/USD reclaims 1.3600 and above
GBP/USD reverses two straight days of losses, surpassing the key 1.3600 yardstick on Friday. Cable’s rebound comes as the Greenback slips away from two-week highs in response to some profit-taking mood and speculation of Fed rate cuts. In addition, hawkish comments from the BoE’s Pill are also collaborating with the quid’s improvement.
USD/JPY drops back below 157.00, as focus shifts to Japan snap election
USD/JPY is back in the red below 157.00 in the Asian session on Friday. The Japanese Yen recovers ground against the US Dollar amid some profit-taking ahead of Japan's snap general election on Sunday. The preliminary reading of the Michigan Consumer Sentiment Index report for February will be released later on Friday.
Editors’ Picks
EUR/USD: US Dollar to remain pressured until uncertainty fog dissipates Premium
The EUR/USD pair lost additional ground in the first week of February, settling at around 1.1820. The reversal lost momentum after the pair peaked at 1.2082 in January, its highest since mid-2021.
Gold: Volatility persists in commodity space Premium
After losing more than 8% to end the previous week, Gold (XAU/USD) remained under heavy selling pressure on Monday and dropped toward $4,400. Although XAU/USD staged a decisive rebound afterward, it failed to stabilize above $5,000.
GBP/USD: Pound Sterling tests key support ahead of a big week Premium
The Pound Sterling (GBP) changed course against the US Dollar (USD), with GBP/USD giving up nearly 200 pips in a dramatic correction.
Bitcoin: The worst may be behind us
Bitcoin (BTC) price recovers slightly, trading at $65,000 at the time of writing on Friday, after reaching a low of $60,000 during the early Asian trading session. The Crypto King remained under pressure so far this week, posting three consecutive weeks of losses exceeding 30%.
Three scenarios for Japanese Yen ahead of snap election Premium
The latest polls point to a dominant win for the ruling bloc at the upcoming Japanese snap election. The larger Sanae Takaichi’s mandate, the more investors fear faster implementation of tax cuts and spending plans.
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